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Giuseppe Ceracchi
Giuseppe Ceracchi (also known as ''Giuseppe Cirachi'')〔The terracotta model for his bust of Sir Joshua Reynolds (Burlington House) is signed ''Cirachi'' (Rupert Gunnis, ''Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851'', ''s.v.'' "Ceracchi, or Cirachi, Joseph", rev. ed. 1968).〕 (4 July 1751〔The unfounded tradition that he was born in Corsica may stem from the portrait bust he exhibited at the Royal Academy of Pasquale Paoli, the Corsican patriot and founder of a short-lived republic, the first of modern times.〕 – 30 January 1801) was an Italian sculptor, active in a Neoclassic style in Italy, England and the nascent United States, who was a passionate republican during the American and French revolutions.〔A commemorative exhibition at the Palazzo dei Conservator, Rome, 1989, was titled "Giuseppe Ceracchi: scultore giacobino : 1751-1801" ("Giuseppe Ceracchi, Jacobin sculptor").〕 He is remembered for his portrait busts of prominent British and American individuals.
==Early years==
He initially trained in Rome with Tommaso Righi (1727–1802) and then continued his studies at the Accademia di San Luca. He went to London in 1773, armed with a letter of introduction from Matthew Nulty, an English antiquarian and amateur sculptor in Rome,〔William Rieder, "Piranesi at Gorhambury" ''The Burlington Magazine'' 117 No. 870 (September 1975:582, 584-591) p. 589, notes 25, 26.〕 and worked under Agostino Carlini, a founding member of the Royal Academy. Ceracchi exhibited busts at the Academy 1776-79 and was proposed for membership but received only four votes.〔Gunnis 1968〕 His bust of the Academy's president Sir Joshua Reynolds, is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Art.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Reynolds and the self-Portrait )〕 Living in Carlini's lodgings near Soho Square,〔A.T. Smith, ''Nollekens and His Times'' (1828, reprinted 1986) vol. II:19.〕 Ceracchi modelled architectural ornament and bas-relief panels for Robert Adam,〔Models by Ceracchi, including a sacrifice scene designed by Antonio Zucchi, were in Adam's posthumous sale, 1818 (Gunnis 1968).〕 most notably a grand bas-relief of a Sacrifice to Bacchus, fourteen feet long and six feet high, in Adam's patent mastic composition, for the rear façade of Mr. Desenfans' house in Portland Place.〔At Desenfans' death it was auctioned to the proprietors of the Coade stone manufactorySmith 1828 and has disappeared.〕 In 1778, Ceracchi sculpted the statues of ''Temperance'' and ''Fortitude'' cast in Portland stone for the Strand façade of Sir William Chambers' Somerset House, London;〔Public Record Office, A.O.1/2495, noted in Gunnis 1968.〕 Carlini, who modelled the other two classical virtues for the project, was occupied with architectural sculpture for Somerset House over several years and doubtless recommended Ceracchi. As well as the portrait busts he executed in London is a full-length portrait of Anne Seymour Damer, herself a sculptor and to some extent his pupil,〔Smith 1828.〕 in antique robes, with her tools at her feet (British Museum).〔A. Dawson, ''Portrait sculpture, a catalogue'' (London, The British Museum Press0 1999.〕
He went back to Rome in 1781 but had to leave the city twice due to his links with the Jacobin movements. He befriended Johann Wolfgang von Goethe during the German poet's Grand Tour in Italy in 1786 - 1788, as they dwelled in the same building in Via del Corso where Ceracchi had his atelier/house. Goethe commissioned him a bust of Johann Joachim Winckelmann and they lived together in Ceracchi's studio for a brief period in 1788.〔J.W. von Goethe, ''Italienische Reise'', 8 march 1788〕
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